Sanibel FL Real Estate & Homes for Sale

Magical Coastal Cottage on Sanibel Island! Discover your dream beach home with this delightful coastal cottage, perfectly situated on Sanibel Island. This sweet property offers inviting newly remodeled interiors; step into a bright & airy living space with elegant decor, featuring wood plank tile floors, vaulted ceiling, and an open floor plan. Enjoy a fully equipped kitchen with custom cabinetry, high end finishes, & brand new appliances. New 2023 metal roof, HVAC, plumbing, electrical, tankless water heater, waterproof foam insulation, & DensShield drywall. Three bedrooms with custom California closets perfect for family or friends & the primary bedroom has a beautiful ensuite bathroom. Enchanting outdoor oasis is a relaxing private patio surrounded by lush tropical landscaping & romantic pergola, perfect for morning coffee or evening cocktails. A prime location, just minutes to the sandy beaches where you can collect shells, swim, or simply soak up the sun. Close to shops, delicious dining options, and exciting outdoor activities. This sweet coastal cottage is a rare find on Sanibel Island, offering the perfect blend of comfort, style, and location. A great starter home for locals OR a sweet snowbird vacation home and a could be an income producing rental! Don't miss your chance to make it yours!

Welcome to 653 Oliva St., your perfect Sanibel Island elevated cottage! Located on the desirable East End, this charming home is just a short stroll to two beach accesses. Inside, you'll find a newly updated kitchen with a spacious island, opening to the dining and living areas. A large wall of sliders leads to a huge lanai, perfect for outdoor living. This home features luxury vinyl flooring throughout, two guest bedrooms, a guest bath with a tub, and a primary suite with a walk-in closet and renovated en suite bathroom, complete with a built-in vanity for getting ready for a night out at nearby world-class dining spots.

Long admired as one of Sanibel"s iconic residences with approximately 250ft of gorgeous water frontage with 180 views over famed Dinkins Bayou to preservation beyond. Aptly named "The Glass House", this stellar residence offers unparalleled views through floor-to-ceiling impact glass walls in every room & it also runs purely on solar power. The chef's kitchen features solid hand-cut NH maple cabinetry with stone countertops, additional refrigeration, double ovens, and a warming drawer. Additional attributes include a Viviant automation system along with Sonos surround and power shades. This residence is finely appointed throughout & has excellent use of space along with copious storage. The open pool & spa area with coral rock decking are elevated, which allows for easy access from the home. You will also find an outdoor kitchen & a large ipe deck with stainless cable rails to enjoy the views. The grandfathered boat house features two boat lifts, a wraparound dock, power, and water. You will be mesmerized by the daily wildlife activity where manatees, a myriad of birds & dolphins call home. Exceptionally private at the end of Coconut with a short stroll to the stunning shell-laden beach of Santiva.

Located in the desirable Sandpebble complex on Sanibel Island, this beautiful 2-bedroom, 2-bath condo offers the perfect blend of comfort, convenience, & coastal charm. The living area features an open floor plan and indulging riverfront views, while the condo's ideal location places you just across the street from the beach & nearby walkable access. The unit has been recently updated & outfitted with a new HVAC system, hot water heater, impact-rated windows on the canal side & newly installed power storm shutters on the lanai. The community amenities offer a heated pool for year-round relaxation, gas grills & outdoor dining areas perfect for enjoying meals in the Florida sunshine. The complex also includes an elevator for easy access, coin-operated laundry facilities, and a well-maintained 23-unit property. In addition to the recent updates to the unit, the Sandpebble complex has seen a number of improvements including a new roof, refurbished elevator, resurfaced pool with new tile & updated equipment & exterior power washing & painting. The building has undergone plumbing & cabling upgrades ensuring long-term reliability. The lanai areas have all been completely refurbished to enhance outdoor living. Future complex upgrades include resurfacing of the parking lot, additional landscaping improvements, and the transformation of the former tennis lot into a new community space due to be completed in early 2025. This condo offers the ideal Sanibel lifestyle, with both comfort and convenience, along with fantastic community amenities and a peaceful location by the river. Don't miss out on this beautiful opportunity to own a piece of paradise.

Desirable location property ideally situated across the street from miles of white sand beach and alongside the beautiful island river & golf club beyond. This location has spacious grounds which are your personal oasis - with countless species of plants and tropical birds on full display. Take in the sunset from one of many decks and porches (one each on the ground, second, and third levels). A naturalist's paradise next door to the white sand beach, this is a unique location property sure to charm your family and guests. 3 bedrooms, 3 full baths, living room, dining room, kitchen, first floor bedroom and full bath, upstairs bathroom with full bath, upstairs master bedroom with en suite full bathroom and private sundeck, second floor "lanai" deck, ground level patio, significant storage capacity on ground level for a man cave, she shack or artist studio, and ample carport spaces below (*boat friendly*). Home is being sold "As Is." This location is a *rare-to-market property* with versatile use cases: (i) Move-in ready as a primary, second or third home, (ii) Seasonal vacation property as a winter "snowbird retreat," (iii) Income-generating, upscale family rental. Turnkey, fully furnished, "move-in ready!"This property and its fabulous location offers: Magnificent sunset views and a tranquil landscaped garden setting with river and golf views. Conveniently located with a swimming pool next to home and steps away from beautiful white sand beaches. Property is in close proximity to shopping, excellent dining and entertainment options (upscale beach bars, unique culinary experiences and more family friendly fare). Great access to activities including kayaking, fishing, nature trails, and truly world famous shelling, directly across the street and along the entirety of Sanibel's beaches! The Sea Pines HOA is a small, pet-friendly community (consult HOA for additional information) consisting of only five unit owners. This unit enjoys a particularly large and well-situated adjoining land parcel which is adjacent to the swimming pool. Spectacular western sunset exposure! HOA pays for insect spraying, routine AC maintenance, garbage and water-so you can enjoy care-free island living! Owners need not be present. Low monthly HOA fee.* Sanibel Island is famous for creating beautiful memories as a coastal chic island destination. Please see the Sanibel Island Chamber of Commerce website for information on all of the ways that Sanibel is continuing to grow its vibrant community for many more generations of community and visitors. *Please consult Sea Pines HOA for further information.

This beautifully updated 3-bedroom, 3-bathroom home offers the perfect blend of privacy and convenience, nestled on a quiet dead-end street in the highly sought-after Sanibel Bayou community. Located just a short stroll from the community pool and tennis courts, and only minutes away from the pristine Bowman's Beach"known for its incredible shells and breathtaking sunsets"this home is a true island retreat. The home features a spacious and open layout with a split floor plan, allowing for maximum privacy. The bright and airy living area is filled with natural light, and the inviting Florida Room offers a place to relax while enjoying the breeze and the sounds of local wildlife. There are two master suites, each with a king-sized bed and en-suite bathroom, offering the perfect retreat. An additional guest bedroom with two twin beds provides ample space for family or visitors.Recent updates to the home include a new roof (2022) with 10-year warranty, brand new garage doors (2023), and fresh vinyl flooring throughout all three bedrooms. The great room has been freshly painted, including the ceilings and walls, giving the entire space a modern, refreshed look. The low monthly HOA fees offer the benefit of a well-maintained community, and the flood insurance is fully transferable for added peace of mind. Whether you're seeking a peaceful full-time island retreat or an investment property, this home provides everything you need. Don't miss out on this rare opportunity"schedule your private showing today to experience all that this beautiful home and its location have to offer.

It's the VIEW! Sweeping water views will greet you when you walk into your spectacular home. This home has been totally renovated with high-end finishes throughout. You will enjoy the comfort of the open living area whichboasts an electric fireplace, peninsula breakfast bar, large dining area and a dream kitchen. The sliding doors pocket to expand living and entertaining to a large pool deck, pool and spa while overlooking expansive water views. The spacious primary bedroom ensuite has a sitting area, walk-in closet/ dressing room, dual vanities and a garden tub. Split bedroom design affords privacy for all. A bonus-flex room off the laundry could be used as an artist's studio, craft room or an exercise area. There is abundant storage throughout. You will appreciate the partial elevation of this home, impact glass and love the convenience of having your own EV charging station in the 2 car+garage where there is room for both cars plus a golf cart and bicycles. Located in the popular Dunes neighborhood, this east end location is close to the beach and the bay with easy off/on access to the island. If you are looking for a "WOW" factor, you need to see this home.

"Your Dream Golf Course Sanctuary Home Awaits! Nestled along the pristine fairways of the esteemed Arthur Hills-designed golf course and Audubon-certified nature sanctuary, the home at 2450 Wulfert Rd., Sanibel, offers an unparalleled blend of tranquility and natural beauty. Greet each day with breathtaking sunrises that paint the sky with vibrant hues, perfectly complementing the serene surroundings. Only 6 minutes to the beaches of Sanibel & Captiva. The lot is oversized at .35 acres and privacy surrounds the home."Have your morning beverage on the screened-in lanai, out on the open deck, by the fireplace in the great room or nearby the screened-in pool. Set in a quiet, peaceful neighborhood, this property is more than a home"it truly is a sanctuary home. The calm is punctuated by the soothing sights overlooking the course and sounds of shorebirds gracefully visiting throughout the day, creating an ever-changing kaleidoscope of nature right in your own backyard. "Fresh new landscape has been added all around. Tile and hardwood bamboo floors throughout. The interior is exquisitely decorated with a spacious and inviting primary bedroom and bath, guest bedroom/den/office overlooking the pool, another guest bedroom with attached bath on the opposite wing of the house for privacy. "Elegant dining area with beautiful chandelier complete the living area along with the great room with fireplace. "Whether you're an avid golfer or tennis enthusiast, a nature enthusiast, or simply seeking a private retreat, this property is your perfect escape. Everything has been done for you! Newer concrete slate roof, mechanicals and re-done pool + spa. Just bring your belongings and move right in. Imaging waking up to stunning views, enjoy the ambiance of the course, and revel in the unmatched peace that makes this home truly special. The previous owners have upgraded/replaced/renewed everything in this home so you don't have to. All windows and doors are impact glass and there are several electric fabric shutters for the major openings to cover everything at the touch of a button. For safety, you can even lower the shutters and enclose the pool & spa from the rest of the lanai if you prefer. "Don't forget to take a peek at the cabana with large bedroom, sitting area, full-size bathroom and refrigerator with coffee bar. You & your guests won't have to do anything but move in! This bath also is a pool bath with separate entry."For your enjoyment, the Club at the Sanctuary offers golf and social memberships with an amazing Club and restaurant, bar, pro shop, bocce ball, tennis, workout facility, you name it they have it. They have special lunches and dinners for members. Come see this amazing offering today...you will be so glad you did. Sellers motivated - they just bought a new home nearby. When you know....you know.

Experience the ultimate island lifestyle in this beautifully remodeled 3-bedroom, 3-bath canal-front home on Sanibel's desirable east end. Nestled on a tranquil cul-de-sac, this property boasts a private boat dock and lift, offering direct Gulf of Mexico access for boating enthusiasts.The open-concept design features a chef's kitchen with high-end appliances, a spacious island, and elegant quartz countertops. Large sliders lead to the screened lanai, overlooking a sparkling pool and serene canal views. Deeded beach access provides a quick stroll to Sanibel's renowned sandy shores, while nearby shops, restaurants, the bike path, the historic lighthouse, and the marina add to the home's appeal. Recent updates include re-piping, fresh exterior paint, and a new roof set for installation in January 2025. Whether you're hosting guests or savoring quiet moments, this home perfectly combines luxury, convenience, and coastal charm.

Stunning Gulf-Front Corner Unit in Sand Pointe, Sanibel! Experience the ultimate in coastal living with this sought-after 3rd-floor, corner end unit ready for your finishing touches. Boasting spectacular views of the Gulf of Mexico, the soon to be newly renovated pool, and Sanibel's iconic sugar-white sandy beach, this west-facing property is perfectly positioned to capture mesmerizing sunsets and natural light. The unique corner layout includes additional side windows, bathing the space in brightness and enhancing the tropical ambiance. This property was impacted by Hurricane Ian and has been fully white boxed, providing a rare opportunity to create your dream coastal retreat. Customize and modernize every detail while capitalizing on the unit's exceptional location and potential. Sand Pointe is known for its beautiful lagoon and amenities, including a well-maintained pool and a weekly rental policy, making it an excellent option for both personal enjoyment and rental income. Don't miss the chance to be part of Sanibel's remarkable rebuild and create a one-of-a- kind tropical getaway!

This stunning 3-bedroom, 2-bath Key West style home is a true waterfront gem, offering everything you need for luxurious island living. Located on a serene canal on Sanibel's East end with access to the water, this property comes with a private boat dock and lift, ideal for boating enthusiasts. Enjoy the ultimate outdoor experience with your very own fenced pool, and relax on the floating kayak platform, which includes 3 kayaks. Two bikes are also included for exploring the nearby area. Inside, the home is fully furnished and move-in ready with recent upgrades that include new paint to interior & exterior, newly replaced water heater, oven, A/C system, dryer, hurricane shutters and newly remodeled bathrooms in 2022. The pool area has been completely refreshed with new tiles, resurfacing, new pool pump & heater and new fencing around pool. The backyard has been completely re-landscaped and is a perfect backyard oasis ready to be enjoyed! New Smart home features installed include new Trane air conditioner, Apple Home compatible Schlage electronic door lock, Pool control heat pump and water temperature (Pool Sync), and Nest security camera. Additionally, the home features private nearby beach access through the Shell Harbor Association, providing the perfect place to unwind by the shore. With nominal HOA fees, you'll enjoy these fantastic amenities without the burden of high costs. This is a rare opportunity to own a fully-equipped, move-in ready home in a sought-after location with modern features and water access. Don't miss out"schedule a showing today!

Base flood elevation of 9 ft., Home did not flood with Ian, Helene or Milton! Welcome to your serene island retreat! This charming 3-bedroom, 2.5 bathroom home is located on a high ridge of the Sanibel Bayous community, offering deeded beach access to one of the islands best beaches. Surrounded by lush tropical greenery, this property provides the ultimate privacy and connection to nature. Inside, the light-filled kitchen boasts a contemporary design with sleek countertops, modern stainless-steel appliances, and crisp white cabinetry that opens to a bright, airy living space. Large windows and sliding glass doors invite the outdoors in, providing seamless access to relax in and around your pool. Located just a short bike ride from Sanibel's pristine beaches, this home offers an unparalleled island lifestyle. Whether you're a nature lover, beachcomber, or seeking a quiet escape, this property checks all the boxes.

Discover the epitome of coastal living in Shell Harbor! Nestled on over 120 ft of frontage along one of Sanibel's premier direct-access canals"no bridges to the Gulf"this stunning 4 bed + den, 4.5-bath home has been thoughtfully renovated to perfection. As you enter through custom wood doors into the foyer, you're greeted by soaring ceilings, an elegant chandelier, & a multi-level design filled with natural light. The home boasts tile flooring, an elevator, & an airy layout. The kitchen is a showpiece, featuring Taj Mahal quartzite countertops, a gas cooktop, stainless steel appliances, custom wood cabinetry, & a separate bar area, ideal for entertaining. The luxurious primary suite offers a private balcony, vaulted ceilings, a soaking tub, a walk-in tiled shower, a laundry room, & an expansive walk-in closet. Multiple guest bedrooms on the lower level. Step through expansive impact sliders to the pool deck, where you'll find a covered patio, a cook-in cabana, a sparkling pool, & a dock complete with composite wood decking and a boat lift. Located on the desirable East End, the property provides convenient access on & off the island and includes community deeded beach access.

Don't miss this beautifully renovated home just a short walk from the best beach on Sanibel in the Tradewinds neighborhood. This home sits on a large lot and has been renovated including eat in kitchen, dining room and living room with fireplace. Enjoy great indoor/outdoor living on your screened in porch and fenced in yard. The Tradewinds neighborhood has private parking and beach path. Tradewinds is not only close to the beach, but also a short drive from the Sanibel School, Recreation Center, Ding Darling Wildlife Refuge, bike paths, CROW, SCCF, the Shell Museum and restaurants!

Situated at the end of a peaceful cul-de-sac on Sanibel Island's east end, this canal-front property presents an exceptional opportunity for those looking to restore its original charm. This classic Florida ranch-style home features 3 bedrooms and 2 baths, offering a blank canvas for a discerning buyer's vision. The interior boasts a spacious living area filled with natural light from large sliders that open to the inviting outdoor space. Outside, a sparkling pool awaits revitalization, providing the perfect spot for sun-soaked relaxation and entertainment. For boating enthusiasts, the property's intersecting canal offers convenient deep-water Gulf access, setting the stage for endless nautical adventures. The existing boat dock with a lift adds further convenience for sailors and anglers. This property is ready to be transformed into your ideal waterfront retreat, where the natural beauty of Sanibel Island becomes the backdrop for a life of coastal elegance and leisure.

Discover coastal living at its finest in this beautifully remodeled 3-bedroom, 2.5-bath canal home located on Sanibel's sought-after east end in the popular Shell Harbor neighborhood. With a split floor plan for added privacy and convenience, this home is just a short walk to the beach and features deeded beach access with parking. Conveniently close to restaurants, shops, and the causeway, it offers seamless on/off island access.Take in stunning canal views that stretch into the distance, providing the perfect setting for serene sunrises and sunsets. The chef's kitchen is a culinary dream, featuring stainless steel appliances, granite countertops, and an inviting layout. The luxurious primary suite opens directly onto the pool area, creating a private retreat with easy access to outdoor living. Multiple sliders connect the open-concept interior to the spacious screened pool deck, making it ideal for entertaining or relaxing. Additional features include travertine floors, a new A/C system, impact windows, and a prime location on a quiet cul-de-sac. For boating enthusiasts, the canal offers direct access to the Gulf of Mexico in just minutes. With its prime location and unparalleled amenities, this home truly has it all"don't miss the opportunity to live the island lifestyle!

Simply the Best!! Welcome to Wedgewood, Sanibel's Premier Condominium Development located directly on the Gulf of Mexico! This exceptional 3-enSuite Bedrooms / 3 -Bath West Corner Penthouse unit has been completely renovated with new impact resistant windows / sliding glass doors, new interior wood shaker doors / base moldings, new HVAC system, new hot water heater, new upgraded cabinetry / appliances, new Quartz countertops, new wood flooring, new plumbing fixtures and new shower tile. Rare to the market, this spacious split floor plan boasts spectacular sunsets and wrap-around Gulf and Beach views from the Kitchen / Great Room / Dining Epicenter and Owner's Suite, offers a Den / Media Room and a large, screened Lanai with hurricane shutters. Development Amenities include a Courtyard Swimming Pool, 2-Enclosed Parking Spaces, and ground level storage area. Don't miss this unique opportunity to acquire one of the most desirable condominium homes on Sanibel Island...!!

Lighthouse Point condominiums are on the quiet east side of Sanibel Island, offering quick access to the Causeway and just a short distance from gulf and bay beaches. The complex features a unique tiered architectural design with multiple levels of decks. This condominium boasts direct views of the historic lighthouse and sweeping 180-degree vistas of the gulf and bay. In an end-unit location, the residence is bathed in natural light throughout its generous 1,700 square feet of living space. Two east-facing decks provide ideal spots to enjoy the sunrise. The spacious main living area includes an open-concept kitchen that overlooks the living and dining areas, creating a seamless flow for entertaining. The home offers three bedrooms, an office, two baths and a separate laundry room, combining functionality with elegance. It is being sold with furnishings, with upscale finishes such as tile floors, wood cabinetry, solid-surface countertops, and travertine tile in the baths and kitchen. Lighthouse Point is a proven, resilient community with recent upgrades that include a new roof, impact glass doors and windows, and extensive facility enhancements.

This beautifully updated 2 bedroom, 2 bath condo at Spanish Cay on Sanibel is a must-see! With stunning river views, you can enjoy tranquil mornings and breathtaking views of the Sanibel Golf course right from your own private lanai. This upgraded 3rd-floor condo offers the perfect combination of comfort and style, featuring beautiful plank tile floors throughout, new paint & furnishings, a spacious, open-concept design, and new impact-resistant windows and doors. Spanish Cay is a small, exclusive community with only 40 units, providing a peaceful, private atmosphere. Enjoy the community pool, perfect for relaxing on warm days, or take advantage of the fishing pier for a little outdoor recreation. With nearby deeded beach access, this condo offers the best of both worlds"serene riverfront living and the beauty of Sanibel's renowned coastline. Don't miss the chance to own a slice of paradise in one of Florida's most desirable locations.

Get ready to make your dreams a reality with this charming cottage property on Sanibel Island! With one acre of privacy, the possibilities are endless. The existing structure is concrete and features an open pool area surrounded by mature vegetation for ample privacy along with a detached garage for sizable storage. This property was Impacted by Hurricane Ian, and can be brought back to its previous luster with modern updates. What a wonderful opportunity to create your vision of this hidden gem. The roof was replaced in 2019 and it also has impact windows. Just a short walk to the beach via Middle Gulf Drive to Algiers Beach.

Nestled in the prestigious Beachview community, this stunning 3-bedroom, 3-bathroom home with a den/office is the epitome of sophistication and comfort. The heart of the home is the open-concept kitchen and family room, which seamlessly flow onto a screened porch showcasing breathtaking views of the Sanibel River. Designed with high ceilings and a thoughtful split floor plan, the home offers a spacious, airy ambiance perfect for both relaxation and entertaining. The expansive living and dining areas provide an ideal setting for hosting gatherings, while the luxurious primary suite serves as a private retreat. This serene space features a beautifully appointed bathroom with a tub, separate shower, and walk-in closet, along with direct access to the porch for peaceful mornings or tranquil evenings. Guests will feel right at home in the well-appointed and private guest rooms. Outside, a sparkling pool awaits, set within a screened ground-level area that invites relaxation and enjoyment. Additional features include an elevator providing easy access to all levels, a spacious garage, and ample storage space, ensuring both convenience and functionality in this exceptional residence.

Bird Lane is one of the most desired bayfront locations on all of Sanibel Island, offering a unique sandy beach shoreline along San Carlos Bay. Tucked conveniently off Bailey Road in a private enclave only known to a lucky few, these generational properties rarely if ever trade hands publicly. This gorgeous bayfront home was designed to capture and complement the idyllic surroundings opening to panoramic vistas of tropical islands dotting waters teeming with dolphins and birds. Two-story ceilings in the expansive great room direct you to the wall of impact doors framing the breathtaking views leading you to the large lanai with an outdoor kitchen. The open kitchen is ideal for the epicurean and entertainers alike where form and function intertwine. Designed to embody the ambiance of Sanibel's historic Thistle Lodge, the dining room has vistas and elegance to rival top restaurants in some exotic locale. The space is elegant yet inviting with a wall of windows each capturing their snapshot of the bay lapping on the sand of your private shore. Lounge alongside your pool, fish from your shore or slide your kayak into the bay waters, this is where happiness begins.

Experience the lifestyle of Sanibel Island living in this spacious elevated 3-bedroom pool home located in the convenient Dunes Golf and Tennis community. Step inside and see the open living area that flows from the foyer to the great room, out to the large lanai, and kitchen. Vegetation along the back provides a natural privacy screen while you soak up the sun beside your sparkling pool, creating a quiet relaxing space for year-round enjoyment for entertaining or dining. The spacious primary bedroom enjoys direct access out to the 2 story screened lanai pool area. The split floor plan allows the separate guest bedrooms to provide a peaceful haven for family or guests with its updated guest bathroom. After a busy day of activities, you will have plenty of room to store your toys in the large oversized garage.

Wonderful corner location with great views of the Gulf of Mexico! This floor plan offers a beautifully furnished, spacious 2 bedrooms and 2 baths, a screened enclosed porch and a private screened porch off the primary bedroom. Have the time of your life at this incredible complex with pool, tennis, on-site rental office,private garage and large storage. Fantastic rental income of $77,000 to $80,000 per year. This condo is up and running with renters and rental income! Enjoy the best life has to offer!

Exceptional elevated home with open floor plan and preserve views! In impeccable condition, this beautifully designed home features high ceilings, an open floor plan, plentiful windows (all impact rated), fabulous natural light, an expansive lanai, a gorgeous bright chef's kitchen, two private en suite bedrooms, two guest bedrooms, a dedicated office and a great deal of storage. The second floor is a lovely suite with a large bedroom, soaking tub, walk-in shower, double sinks and huge closet. The first floor offers a second primary suite that has tremendous space and a great deal of separation providing a peaceful, relaxing retreat. The living room flows perfectly to the outdoor living space and to the inviting kitchen area that includes a formal dining area, breakfast bar, and welcoming sitting area. This home can easily accommodate a large family and entertaining but is just as comfortable for one or two... the thoughtful design, current updates, exterior elevator, near beach location, and amenities of Seagull Estates make this an ideal island home. Fully furnished! Seagull Estates has a dedicated beach access path just across West Gulf Drive from the newly renovated community center where owners and guests enjoy a lovely heated pool, indoor gathering space, and tennis and pickle ball courts.